Child Development Models Essay

This paper will portray the various clarifications for children’s conduct, analyzing the Psychodynamic, Behaviorist and Social Learning points of view. It will likewise assess every one of these hypotheses and make reference to their down to earth application. In doing as such, the paper will set out how guardians, kid clinicians, social laborers and educators can expect to comprehend children’s behaviour. As Haggerty (2006) states, â€Å"The hypothesis supporting psychodynamic treatment began in and is educated by psychoanalytic theory.† The psychoanalytic way to deal with treatment was created by Sigmund Freud, an Austrian therapist. Freud’s model suggested that an individual has three components to their mental self: the sense of self, superego and id. The id is the most crude, comprising of to a great extent unconsciousâ biological driving forces. The sense of self uses reality and itsâ consequences to change the conduct being encouraged by theâ id. The superego makes a decision about activities as right or wrong basedâ on the person’s interior worth system. (Strickland ed., 2001, p.637) According to Freud, kids progress through different psychosexual phases of advancement. He asserted that, at specific focuses all the while, a solitary body part is especially touchy to sensual incitement (Stevenson, 1996). The main stage starts during childbirth and proceeds until around 1 year old. It is named The Oral Stage in light of the fact that the mouth and lips are the fundamental center, showing gnawing, sucking and biting conduct. The Anal Stage comes straightaway and as a rule happens somewhere in the range of 1 and 3 years of age. Can preparing urges the kid to appreciate removing defecation. Now the id will be fulfilled by this momentary joy and will be in struggle with the sense of self and superego, which are worried about controlling real capacities to fulfill social desires and practicality. The Phallic Stage happens between around 3 and 5 years of age and contains one of Freud’s most questionable speculations, the Oedipus complex (or Electra complex in females). His hypothesis expresses that the youngster gets engaged upon the genital territory and encounters strife as an oblivious want to have the inverse sexed parent and dispense with the equivalent sexed parent. What Freud named the Latency Period comes straightaway. He accepted that sexual drive lay lethargic because of subdued motivations and wants. At this stage, kids center upon non-sexual exercises and structure same-sex friendships. At around 12 years of age, a youngster faces adolescence and enters what Freud classes as The Genital Stage. The center comes back to the privates yet this time corresponding to other people. There is presently an enthusiasm for connections and investigating sexuality. At the point when a youngster can't resolve the contentions that happen at any of these stages, obsession can happen. â€Å"If needs are not met in an agreeable manner or if the individual’s still, small voice or superego can't manage motivations and drives to cherish and to loathe, at that point complex character characteristics emerge† (Errington and Murdin, 2006). For instance, oral obsession may bring about a grown-up showing cynicism, mockery or guilelessness, while phallic obsession may bring about carelessness or dread of duty. Freud, in the same way as other who start a development, presently gets a lot of analysis. One region of shortcoming is the restricted extent of his examination, as his treatment work for the most part engaged upon upper white collar class ladies. Another prominently censured part of Freud’s work is the accentuation on sexuality as, in his view, everything appears to come from articulation or constraint of the sex drive (Boeree, 2006). In spite of analysis, Freud’s techniques support the familiar way of thinking that youth encounters are colossally critical to character improvement. In down to earth terms, those working with youngsters today place incredible significance on guaranteeing that a youth contains chances to create, to get familiar with the contrast among good and bad, and to figure out how to properly follow up on or quell urges. Behaviour treatment is characterized as â€Å"A assortment of psychotherapeutic methods planned for modifying maladaptive or undesirable standards of conduct, particularly through the use of standards of molding or learning.† (Colman, 2006). The fundamental influencers of this hypothesis were Pavlov, Watson and Skinner. Ivan Pavlov, later to get the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his examination into the stomach related framework, saw that â€Å"†¦dogs would salivate after observing their attendant, clearly fully expecting being fed.† (Strickland ed., 2001, p.478). Pavlov broadened his analysis and rang a bell preceding food was served to the mutts. In the long run, the pooches would salivate upon the ringer ringing, regardless of whether no food was then served. This drove Pavlov to build up a comprehension of adapted reactions and unconditioned reflexes.

European Human Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

European Human Rights - Essay Example In this regard, this paper will contend that beside the HRA's inability to appropriately consolidate the Convention rights; an increasingly essential disappointment is the way that it leaves courts reluctant to apply the enactment because of the ambiguous rules given under segment 3 of the Act. As recently referenced, the HRA is intended to offer certifications to the rights and opportunities encapsulated in the show. Among its belongings, the Act renders it unlawful for an open position to act in a manner which is contrary with a Convention right.4 what's more, it additionally obliges courts to [s]o far as conceivable to do so5, guarantee that essential enactment and subordinate enactment must be perused and given impact in a manner which is good with Convention rights6 and in examples where it is beyond the realm of imagination, to make an announcement of that incompatibility7. Since the Act became effective, in any case, the HRA's noteworthiness in effectively ensuring the rights and opportunities exemplified in the Convention has been constrained by the two previously mentioned arrangements. To start with, concerning the commitment presented on specialists under area 6, case law has displayed troubles in deciding if the individual being referred to of abusing the Convention under the HRA is an 'open power', suitably characterized or not. Under area 6, open specialists are characterized as a court or council or any individual sure of whose capacities are elements of an open sort. 8 In this regard, the meaning of open power is basic in light of the fact that in situations where infringement of human rights happened, people must be granted harms against open specialists. As characterized by the demonstration, harms allude to harms for an unlawful demonstration of an open authority.9 The meaning of open authority is accordingly a vital part of implementing the law, and applying it in courts. Be that as it may, trouble lies in deciding if an individual has capacities that are of open nature and whether open specialists are working under private exchanges. On account of Poplar Housing and Regeneration Community Association Ltd v Donoghue [2002] QB 48, 67, a private body was esteemed to perform open capacities, and thus at risk under area 6 of the Act.10 In this regard, the case was viewed as a milestone in the event that law with respect to the meaning of open position, since it required a liberal translation of who is an open authority.11 therefore, the meaning of the term accomplished what Lord Irvine demonstrated as a requirement for an all-inclusive and wide-going meaning of open power, so as to broaden the liabilities under the HRA to give however much insurance as could be expected for the privileges of the person against the abuse of intensity by the state protecting parliamentary sovereignty.12 However, the changing idea of government capacities, just as the developing organization among open and private associations has rendered this effectively troublesome errand progressively perplexing. In this regard, Lord Nicholls represe nts this in Aston Cantlow v Wallbank [2004] 1 AC 546, expressing that: there is no single trial of all inclusive application. There can't be, given the various idea of administrative capacities and the assortment of means by which these capacities are released today.

40+ Websites For Copyright And Royalty Free Photos

40+ Websites For Copyright And Royalty Free Photos Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!40+ Websites For Copyright And Royalty Free PhotosUpdated On 19/02/2020Author : Pradeep KumarTopic : ReviewsShort URL : http://hbb.me/2ozcALi CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogBasically Im an image hunter. I love creative and innovative images. I admire those images very much and I spend most of the time hunting for my blog post images. In this article I mentioned about 40+ websites where you can get copyright and royalty free images for your blog posts. Make sure you dont misuse the images. Make proper use of the images and play it safe.1. Google Image Search : Google Image Search is the comprehensive  image search on the web.  But they also contain copyrighted images. So play it safe.  Also try  Google Similar Images (Labs)2. Stock Exchange : SXC is a friendly community of photography addicts who generously offer their works to those who need them free of charge. It contains over 350,000 quality stock photos by more than 30,000 photographers!3. Flickr : Flickr is an image and video hosting website, web services suite, and online community platform. It is better to give Image Credits to the Flickr Users.4. Pixabay : Pixabay.com is a sharing platform for quality public domain images. Pixabay provides around 65,000 photos, illustrations, and vector graphics free of copyrights that may be used without attribution for any application (Creative Commons CC0 dedication exclusively)5. Getty Images : Getty Images offers high-quality, diverse and relevant stock photos, stock footage, stock music and editorial  images for creative professionals6. Morgue File : Morgue File contains high-resolution stock photography images free for either corporate or private use.7. Compfight : Compfight makes good use of the flickrâ„¢ API. But it is not affiliated with flickrâ„¢ though.8. Image * After : They provide  free high resolution  images and textures for commercia l and personal use. Daily additions. Free hi-res stock photography, with abstract graphics search.9. Open Photo : Open Photo is an  open network of photographers consisting of pictures of animals, nature, landscape, architecture, still life, and technology.10. Bigfoto : Bigfoto provides free download of all pictures with a link or reference. Most of the photos are from amateur photographers.11. StockVault : Stockvault.net is a stock photo sharing website where designers and photographers can meet to share their stock photos and images.12. Deviantart : Deviantart is a community of artists and those devoted to art. Digital art, skin art, themes, wallpaper art, traditional art, photography, poetry/prose and Art Prints.13. FreeFoto : FreeFoto.com is the largest collection of free photographs on the Internet (link back and attribution required).14. Free Images : Free images is a high quality resource of digital stock photographic images for use by all. All images in their collection are free to use on websites and printed materials.15. Image Temple : Image Temple provides free royalty free  images for personal and commercial use.16. FreeMediaGoo : FreeMediaGoo was created for developers by developers. The content provided by them is royalty free. No need for annoying links and no limits to the amount of images you can use.17. Woophy : Woophy stands for WOrld Of PHotographY, a website founded by a Dutch collective of photo aficionados and internet designers who believe navigation on internet can be more visual, logical and associative.18. Cyclo : Cyclo.ps is an easy to use royalty free stock photo search engine. It is a one-stop shop for all of your stock photography needs.19. Free Pixels : FreePixels offers  free high resolution stock photos for use in both personal and commercial design projects.20. Vintage Pixels : Vintage Pixels is a large database of historical, high quality, free-for-use images which allows people to share their archived photos.21. Photogen : Photogen provides free, quality stock photography for both commercial and personal use. Their images are not for resale or redistribution. Please read their terms of use before downloading.22. Kavewall : Kavewall provides free Stock Photos, Images and Textures. They have different kind of categories to search images.23. FreeLargePhotos : You may use these images for your personal use if you note the source: © Copyright 2009 [name of photographer], FreeLargePhotos.com. If you use them on a web site, link to this site.24. Open Stock Photography :  Open Stock Photography  is mashup created to help designers find free stock photography (or public domain photography).25. Free Range Stock : Free Range Stock provides free stock photography for commercial or non-commercial use. High-resolution  stock images and textures for  FREE.26. Free Stock Photography : Free Stock Photography is an open and  royalty-free gallery that contains many high resolution free images.READThe Best Browsers F or Windows Mobile Phones27. Bing Image Search : Excellent competitor to Google Image Search. It is also a comprehensive  image search on the web.  But they also contain copyrighted images. So play it safe.28. Yahoo! Image Search : Googles greatest competitor ever I can say. Yahoo! Image Search also has all the top features.29. Free Digital Photos : Free Digital Photos provides thousands of royalty  free photos for instant download. For commercial and non-commercial use. No registration required.30. Aarin Free Images : Aarin Free Photo offers digital images absolutely free. They also provide Web Design tips to help you with ideas and image manipulation.31. Free Photograph Networks : The  Free Photographs Network is an online resource for royalty-free stock photographs for non-commercial use by the webmaster community.32. PD Photo : PDPhoto.org is a repository for free public domain photos. Unless something is clearly marked as being copyrighted, you can assume it is free to use.33. Animation Factory : Animation Factory provides you PowerPoint Templates, PowerPoint Backgrounds, Animated Clip Art and Video Backgrounds for use in web, email, and so on.34. Big Stock Photo : Big Stock Photo provides true royalty-free stock images. They also provide many high resolution images.35. Corbis Images : Corbis provides Royalty-Free and Rights Managed stock images for editorial and commercial applications, including iconic, historical, archival, and so on.36. Dreamstime : Stock photography community providing high quality stock photos and stock images. Free photos added weekly.37. Jupiter Images : Jupiter Images has over 500000 new Royalty-Free Stock photography images and photos. It is a subsidiary of Getty Images.38. Matton Images : Provider of Royalty Free Stock Photography. Find an extensive library of digital Stock Photos as Single  Images, CDs, available for direct download.39. Mooch Images : Mooch Images offers contemporary stock photography covering all aspects of travel.40. Photocase : Photocase is a royalty free stock photography community. Photocase photos are available to purchase for royalty-free use in commercial and non-commercial purposes.41. Fotolia : Fotolia allow you to buy and sell royalty-free stock photos on. Affordable royalty-free stock photos, cheap stock images and stock pictures.42. PhotoSpin : PhotoSpin has lot of Stock Photography. Your source for stock photos, illustrations, fonts, clip art and illustrations.43. Shuttershock : Shuttershock provides you millions of high resolution royalty free images, stock photos, vector art, and stock photography.44. Wallpaperstock : Wallpaperstock provides you free stock photos, free desktop wallpapers, backgrounds and so on.45. Picapp : Picapp provides you the best stock photography images and pictures for your blog or website, royalty-free. You can use them absolutely free of cost by giving a back link. (Thanks Himanshu)46. FreePhotosBank : Any photos/pictures posted by the author â €œfreephotosbank” are free to use as long as you are using them for a website, book, magazine, etc. You cannot download our photos to sell as is or modified from any source. (Thanks Sunny Bhasin)47. EveryStockPhoto : Everystockphoto.com is a license-specific photo search engine. Currently they index and search millions of freely licensed photos, from many sources, and present them in an integrated search. (Thanks Sunny Bhasin)48. Free Range Stock : Free stock photography for commercial or non-commercial use at freerangestock.com. High-resolution stock images and textures for FREE.49. Photoxpress : PhotoXpress.com provides creative professionals a vast and legal image library for both personal and professional use. Sign up and download free stock images. (Thanks Jaspal, Mr.I and LT)50. Ookaboo! : Ookaboo is a collection of free pictures, indexed by precise terms from the semantic web. All pictures on Ookaboo are in the public domain or are under Creative Commons that means that y ou can use their pictures for your web site, classwork, or other creative projects!Remember the images from the search engines may or may not be copyrighted, that is not for sure. After getting the required image, check the source and contact the webmaster. Find their terms or policies.I think it will be hard to memorize all these websites, so you can bookmark it and if you want your friends to know these links, you can tweet about it! Cheers! ??If you know any other good site, please feel free to share here!

Analysis Of Arthur Miller s The Crucible - 961 Words

Movie paper analysis of The crucible The circumstance brought upon a person can change them greatly. The Crucible edited and rewritten by Arthur Miller, is a movie which takes place in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. The leading actors are Daniel Day-Lewis as Proctor, Winona Ryder as Abigail, Paul Scofield as Judge Danforth, Joan Allen as Elizabeth, Bruce Davison as Parris, and Rob Campbell as Hale. It was directed by Nicholas Hytner and was Based on the witch hunt which surrounded Massachusetts history. the Crucible starts with a group of young women sneaking away from their heavily repressed puritan society to engage in some daring antics for the fun of it. When they get caught in the act, they try to escape punishment by accusing others of possessing them in the name of the devil. when accusations began piling up, the accused persons devolved the blame onto others after they had confessed their sins. Things take a turn for the worst when the religious authority takes hold of the c ase and began setting up trials for heresy against those who were accused. In its adoption of the Salem witch hunt trial, the crucible is a grandiose film filled with powerful emotions brought on by fear, religious zealotry and passion. It is indeed hundred percent credible and can be used to teach history for generations to come. Arthur Miller uses this historical information as the basis for his movie. He employs the etymology of modern seventeenth century religious practice, toShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Arthur Miller s The Crucible 1052 Words   |  5 PagesArthur Miller was one of the leading American playwrights in the 20th century. Arthur Miller was born on October 17, 1915 in Harlem New York City to Isidore and Augusta Miller (GradeSaver). After graduating from high school, Miller worked a variety of odd jobs including hosting a radio program; this was before the University of Michigan accepted him. At school, he studied journalism, became the night editor of the Michigan Daily, and began experimenting with theater and writing plays. He lived throughRead MoreAnalysis Of Arthur Miller s The Crucible 1457 Words   |  6 PagesSteven Huang Ms. Folkrod English 3, Period 7 26 October 2014 Proctor’s Pride and Downfall A tragic hero is a hero in a story whose natural flaws or wrong judgments, associates with bad fate, causes his downfall or death. In Arthur Miller’s The Crucible, there are tragic heroes. In the late 1600s, there are a series of witch trials happens at Salem, MA. John Proctor, a farmer who lives in a farm with his wife Elizabeth Proctor, is the protagonist during the Salem witch trial. John is a candid, frankRead MoreAnalysis Of Arthur Miller s The Crucible 1732 Words   |  7 Pagesin the world. II. Biographical Arthur Miller was a controversial playwright during the 1950’s and 60’s, note because of the material that he choose to write about, but because of the events that took place surrounding one of his best works: The Crucible. One of his friends and a fellow playwright Elia Kazan was accused of being a Communist by the house Un-American Activities Committee. Elia, who had admitted to being previously a Communist during the 1930’s (long before the cold war) was askedRead MoreAnalysis Of Arthur Miller s The Crucible 3926 Words   |  16 PagesA.P. English Language August 11, 2014 Novel Analysis Assignment The Crucible by Arthur Miller Plot and Conflict At its core, The Crucible is a chilling depiction of a community engulfed by hysteria. A fanatically religious community in Salem, Massachusetts becomes embroiled in a witch-hunt initiated by a group of adolescent girls. At the start of the play, Reverend Parris finds his teenage daughter, Betty Parris, â€Å"sick† in bed after she, along with his niece Abigail, his slave Tituba, and a fewRead MoreAnalysis Of Arthur Miller s The Crucible 883 Words   |  4 PagesName: Lauren Ciesielski Period AP NOVEL FORM 1. Title: The Crucible 2. Author (first and last name) and date of first publication: Arthur Miller and 1953 3. List four main characters with a one-sentence description of each. a. John Proctor – A farmer in Salem that is married to Elizabeth Proctor and is trying to get Elizabeth to forgive him for his sins of lechery on Abigail. b. Abigail Williams- A young lady who tries to throw herself at John Proctor due to their previous affair andRead MoreAnalysis Of Arthur Miller s The Crucible 908 Words   |  4 PagesDel Giudice Mrs. Schmiedeler English 2F 21 October 2015 Crucible Essay â€Å"It takes many good deeds to build a good reputation, and only one bad one to lose it.† This is a quote by Benjamin Franklin and it explains how the puritan society in The Crucible work. this quote shows how fragile a reputation can be, you can spend your whole life increasing your reputation, but one wrong move and it’s completely wrong. In The Crucible, many of Arthur Miller’s characters are very concerned with their reputationRead MoreAnalysis Of Arthur Miller s The Crucible 1122 Words   |  5 PagesErin Kelleher English II Honors Mrs. Hagerty 14 January 2015 Corruption in The Crucible Good leaders are essential to the functionality and prosperity of a community. They should be honest, genuine, and selfless. Good leaders keep the interests of the people they lead in mind when making all decisions instead of focusing on their own personal goals. It can be quite disastrous when leaders have ulterior motives or bad principles. When leaders are dishonest, deceitful, and selfish, it causes problemsRead MoreAnalysis Of Arthur Miller s The Crucible Essay1424 Words   |  6 PagesMatthew Shults A.P. English Language August 11, 2014 Novel Analysis Assignment The Crucible by Arthur Miller Plot and Conflict The Crucible is a play that takes place in the 17 century in Salem, Massachusetts. As the play starts, Reverend Parris caught some girls naked dancing in the woods. Apparently the girls where stirring up spirits and to escape the punishment of the accusations of being witches, they blame other women in Salem. Later on in the play, Elizabeth Proctor finds out about John ProctorRead MoreAnalysis Of Arthur Miller s The Crucible 1842 Words   |  8 PagesDiscuss Arthur Miller’s approach to U.S. history in The Crucible. Arthur Miller combines his experiences during the McCarthy reign of the 1950s and the factual events of the Salem witch trials in 1692 to create an elaborated historical tale of the panic caused by witchcraft. Although, the morals behind the events are relevant no matter what the period of time the audience is in. Arthur Miller uses the semantic field of truth throughout the play, ‘The Crucible’, to show his audiences that no matterRead MoreAnalysis Of Arthur Miller s The Crucible 2138 Words   |  9 Pages Crucible Character Essay - John Proctor #6 In Arthur Miller’s â€Å"The Crucible† the protagonist is a man by the name of John Proctor. Proctor is a very complex character because he doesn t have the cleanest history. He is a man in about his forties who had committed the sin of cheating on his wife with a young girl. This act of his gives a bad first impression to the reader. Proctor however does try to become a better man and do the right thing to save his wife s life, which changes feelings

How to Get Copies of US Naturalization and Citizenship Records

U.S. naturalization records document the process whereby an individual born in another country (an alien)  is granted citizenship in the United States. Although the details and requirements have changed over the years, the naturalization process generally consists of three major steps: 1) the filing of a declaration of intent or first papers, and 2) the petition for naturalization or second papers or final papers, and 3) the granting of citizenship or certificate of naturalization. Location:  Naturalization records are available for all U.S. states and territories. Time Period:  March 1790 to the present What Can I Learn From Naturalization Records? The Naturalization Act of 1906 required naturalization courts to begin using standard naturalization forms for the first time and the newly created  Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization  to begin keeping duplicate copies of all naturalization records. Post-1906 naturalization records are generally the most useful for genealogists. Prior to 1906, naturalization documents were not standardized and the earliest naturalization records often include little information beyond the individuals name, location, arrival year, and country of origin. U.S. Naturalization Records from 27 September 1906 - 31 March 1956:Beginning 27 September 1906, naturalization courts across the U.S. were required to forward duplicate copies of Declarations of Intention, Petitions for Naturalization, and Certificates of Naturalization to the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) in Washington, D.C. Between 27 September 1906 and 31 March 1956, the Federal Naturalization Service filed these copies together in packets known as C-Files. Information that you might expect to find in post-1906 U.S. C-Files includes: name of applicantcurrent addressoccupationbirthplace or nationalitybirth date or agemarital statusname, age, and birthplace of spousenames, ages, and birthplaces of childrendate and port of emigration (departure)date and port of immigration (arrival)name of ship or mode of entrytown or court where the naturalization occurrednames, addresses, and occupations of witnessesphysical description and photo of immigrantimmigrants signatureadditional documentation such as evidence of a name change Pre-1906 U.S. Naturalization RecordsPrior to 1906, any court of record—municipal, county, district, state, or Federal court—could grant U.S. citizenship. Information  included on pre-1906 naturalization records varies widely from state to state since no federal standards existed at the time. Most pre-1906 US naturalization records document at least the immigrants name, country of origin, arrival date, and port of arrival. ** See U.S. Naturalization Citizenship Records for an in-depth tutorial on the naturalization process in the United States, including the types of records which were generated, and exceptions to the naturalization rule for married women and minor children. Where Can I Find Naturalization Records? Depending upon the location and time period of the naturalization, naturalization records may be located at the local or county court, in a state or regional archives facility, at the National Archives, or through U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. Some naturalization indexes and digitized copies of original naturalization records are available online.

Corporate Responsibility And Globalization Of Foreign Trade

INST 4000 Thesis Ximena de la Camara Campuzano Corporate Responsibility and Globalization Liberalization of foreign trade: Some of the biggest issue s in today’s economy is the push for liberalization of foreign trade in developing countries. By compelling nations to modify and ease their trading systems so it can be free from regulations while promoting free trade, only weakens their authority. Trade liberalization needs the reduction of governmental restrictions and intervention so the trade between nations has little or no obstacles like tariffs. Absolute free flow of capital with minimal restrictions promises developing nation’s growth under these systems by having more money for the intent of investment and trade. But what it is not often discussed is how it is necessary for some to suffer in order for others to succeed. Examples include low skilled workers who are under paid and employed by multinational corporations. When large companies move into developing countries they tend to get in the way of domestic policies and in some cases bribe their officials to get their way. Walmart in Mexico paid bribes in order to obtain permit to build stores in Elda Pineda’s alfalfa field, less than a mile away from its ancient pyramids. The problem was that the government wanted to limit growth around the pyramids to prevent any damages. After executives were contacted in the main headquarters in Arkansas, they closed the investigation and did not inform law enforcementShow MoreRelatedReflect of Globalization on International Business1485 Words   |  6 PagesGlobalization refers to the increasing unification of the worlds economic order through reduction of such barriers to international trade as tariffs, export fees, and import quotas. The goal is to increase material wealth, goods, and services through an international division of labor by efficiencies catalyzed by international relations, specialization and competition. It describes the process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through communication, transportationRead Mo reThe Poverty Of Capitalism, And Food Production1090 Words   |  5 Pagesprosperous is that half of the global south now lives in poverty. Furthermore, after the 2008 financial crisis, the G20 gave more power to the World Bank, the IMF, and the WTO to police world trade, despite how those institutions were responsible for economic crashes to begin with. Corporate Social Responsibility is also criticized by Hilary, who explains how large corporations use this hegemonic strategy as a mechanism for expanding their reach by aligning themselves with NGOs so they can continueRead MoreGlobalization Is A Process Driven By International Trade Through Various Countries Essay1277 Words   |  6 PagesGlobalization is one of the most influential process that affects our economies today through global communication, transportation technologies, foreign investment etc. It is a process driven by international trade through various countries. Defining globalization, globalization is the process of interaction and integration among the people, government, and business of different nations. Due to globalization, it allows different nations to interact and integrate with one another, also leading toRead MoreInternational Business Study Guide5732 Words   |  23 PagesContext - Globalization ïÆ'Ëœ Definition ïÆ'Ëœ Globalization History, Current Situation Trends ïÆ'Ëœ Impacts Of Globalization On International Business ïÆ'Ëœ Key Debate On Globalization ïÆ'Ëœ Globalization Of Business (Production, Market) ïÆ'Ëœ International Organizations (World Bank, WTO, IMF etc.) 10 What is Globalization? Globalization Refers To The Shift Toward A More Integrated Interdependent World Economy Globalization Has Two Facets: 1. The Globalization Of Markets 2. The Globalization Of Production Read MoreGlobalization on Starbucks880 Words   |  4 PagesThe Globalization of Starbucks Thirty years ago, Starbucks was a single store in Seattle’s Pike Place Market selling premium-roasted coffee. Today it is a global roaster and retailer of coffee with some 17,000 stores, 40% of which are in 50 countries outside the United States. Starbucks set out on its current course in the 1980s when the company’s director of marketing, Howard Schultz, came back from a trip to Italy enchanted with the Italian coffeehouse experience. Schultz, who later becameRead MoreThe Role Of Corporate Social Responsibility On Global Politics1352 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Military men are just dumb stupid animals to be used as pawns in foreign policy.† The past century has shown us the atrocious influence of military power on global politics, but now for many states, the sense of fear is derived from economic power. Through increased globalization and interdependence of trade, multinational corporations (MNC) impact on global politics has undoubtedly strengthened. In the peripheral world, poverty is still prevalent. It not exclusive to the fact that they don’tRead MoreWhat Is It? How Did It Happen?1905 Words   |  8 PagesGlobalization- What is it? How did it Happen? Globalization is the international exchanges between different countries, companies, people, cities, regions and governments. This has linked us globally with many people all over the world by the food we eat, clothing we wear and music we listen to. Although globalization is not new, this has been going on for thousands of years and excelling in WWII. Since WWII the government has lessened many barriers that come with international trading using anRead MoreRole Of Mncs As A Political Actor1225 Words   |  5 Pagesinfluence seeps across borders through international trade organizations such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative (USTR). Former WTO Director General, Renato Ruggiero, stated that â€Å"More and more the WTO is under pressure to expand its agenda because more and more it is seen as the focal point for the many challenges and concerns of globalization.† Lori Wallach, director and founder of Global Trade Watch, coins this displacement of democracy as a â€Å"SlowRead MoreGlobalization and Poverty1498 Words   |  6 PagesGlobalization and Poverty Introduction In this essay, I am going to investigate the globalization and poverty in the world. Meanwhile, its impact on global marketing activities will also be addressed. It is an interesting topic to study, as you will know the reason behind by the following quotes: ‘Over the past 20 years, the number of people living on less than $1 a day has fallen by 200 million, after rising steadily for 200 years’ (James Wolfenson, president of World BankRead MoreGlobalization and Corporate Social Responsibility780 Words   |  4 PagesGlobalization and Corporate Social Responsibility Events in resent history have made a clear statement to the executives of the world that Globalization and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) are tightly linked in projecting a positive brand image. Most of the negative publicity surrounding the globalization debate is directed at one key area, the perceived lack of corporate social responsibility in the business culture of the developed world. The European Commission defines Corporate Social

Hugo Just Different †Consumer Behaviour and Profile the Market Essay Sample free essay sample

In order for a company to understand how they can carry consumers to purchase their merchandise or service. they must foremost understand the consumers’ personality. This is achieved by carry oning consumer research. which is necessary for the company to be able to understand. determine and eventually place ingestion forms and penchants. This serves as particular importance because consumers purchase merchandises to which they can place with. For illustration. when buying a interior decorator aroma such as Hugo Just Different. work forces tend to take one which is personified by the adult male they consider themselves to be. or by a adult male they strive to be. Therefore. the undertaking at manus is to place the traits and personality of these consumers. and make a similar â€Å"personality† for the merchandise. By successfully transporting out this undertaking. a merchandise will be created that the consumers can place with. As stated above. consumers tend to buy a merchandise they identify with. That being said. this will actuate the consumer to buy their trade name label over another. In order to make this successfully. one needs to inquire: what makes up personality? Each individual is made up of different familial traits. but apart from this. personality is mostly influenced by societal environment. the latter perchance being the stronger factor of the two. Consumers are good cognizant of their societal ego along with their ideal societal ego. Everyone strives to refer to a peculiar societal group. For illustration. one may desire to belong to a group of attractive. educated and successful immature work forces. On top of this. possibly a certain person within this societal group strives to go the leader. Hugo Just Different was given a personality. which possesses all these traits. making out to those who relate to it and hence motivates these sorts of persons to buy Hugo Just Different over any other high-end aroma. Giving Hugo Just Different a strong trade name personality strengthens the trade name every bit good as the entreaty targeted to the consumer. Our trade name personality is associated with exhilaration. affecting constructs such as make bolding. spirited. inventive and up-to-date. When supervising consumer behavior. personality traits play a major function in understanding the motivations of peculiar markets. In the instance of Hugo Just Different. a run which reaches out to attractive. educated and successful immature work forces is cardinal to the brand’s success. Research on single and societal influence is compulsory when measuring merchandise suitableness for mark audience with the ultimate end of running a successful and effectual run. The message we get from the full run is â€Å"Dare to be different† . This is the run motto. which meets one of the two human basic needs harmonizing to Eric Fromm: the demand to be alone. different. In add-on. Jung’s personality types and information processing categorise our mark audience among the Intuition/Feeling ( NF ) section. These persons are the pioneers. with really high OSL degrees ( or SSS mark ) . They are audacious. non dogmatic. inner directed and hazard takers. Once more. we can see these traits reflected in the run. Another relevant facet about this peculiar section to take into history is the fact that they are extremely advanced and attracted to alter and freshness. most monetary value insensitive and their determination is strongly influenced by subjective orientation instead than external objectiveness. This is particularly interesting due to the fact that they are more receptive to our selling and advertisement attempts and therefore we can be more influenced in the purchasing determination procedure. Ad portfolio Below are three ads. which communicate efficaciously their trade name personality. positioning themselves to appeal different market sections. Levi’s Levi’s trade name personality transmits rebellion. sensualness and being cool. AxAxe entreaties to seduction. maleness. individualism and unconventionality. MarlboroThis ad expresses maleness. freedom and escapade. Part B Social category along with trade name personality plays a cardinal function in the purchasing procedure. This is because consumers need a mention group to be identified with in order to convert themselves that the merchandise they are sing purchasing is the most suited for them. As societal category is besides a signifier of cleavage. it is indispensable to see standard such as income. instruction. lifestyle and position when pass oning with the mark audience. Hugo Just Different is for immature. degree-holding. urban male grownups between 20 and 40. successful in their professional callings and with an active and ambitious life style. All these factors define and separate a societal category from another and do the mark audience be involved as portion of a mention group. Identifying a mention group helps us understand what members value and what they do. Sing Hugo Just Different. our mark audience values exclusivity and singularity. this being reflected by the activities they participate in and the functions they play. by normally being the group leaders. Income degrees determine what our market section can pull off to pay for. Hugo Just Different Eau de Toilette Spray 150ml costs $ 90. an low-cost monetary value for immature male professionals. but at the same clip is non excessively low due to its â€Å"uniqueness† . Class besides involves our mark audience media wonts. which is cardinal to take the right channel for the merchandise publicity. Traditionally. for the higher category. print media was used more and for the lower category. Television and other signifiers of non-print media were used more. However. there is a recent tendency in immature grownups. who read newspapers less and less and are heavy Internet consumers alternatively. This has been appreciable in Hugo Just Different foremost Youtube advertisement run. Geodemographics is besides an of import facet of category and classifies our mark audience depending on where they live. Our aroma merely focuses on urban users. those with fast paced life styles. Harmonizing to Roy Morgan. VALS sections place Hugo Just Different mark audience as a consequence of shared values and life styles. From VALS 1 Maslow’s Hierarchy perpendicular dimension. Hugo Just Different consumers are classified as Inner directed. those whose consumer behavior is largely directed by interior values. They are in the â€Å"I am me† section. which is characterised by immature members that like to experiment every bit good as be unprompted and individualistic. VALS 2 Self-Orientation classifies this mark audience as action-orientated. specifically as experiencers ( 12 % of the population ) and being a high-resource group. Lifestyle features of persons among this section are illustrated by the fact that they like to seek new things and are far-out and hazardous. They besides like exercising. socialization. athleticss and out-of-doorss. They are concerned about image and are unconforming. but admire wealth. power and celebrity and are politically apathetic. Sing their psychological features. they are extraverted. unconventional. active. hotheaded. energetic. enthusiastic and unprompted. With regard with their consumer features. they follow manner and crazes. spend much of disposable income on socialization. purchase on unprompted. go to to advertisement and listen to sway music. Hugo Just Different personifies all these features with Jared Leto’s indorsement in order to aim and place its merchandise among this section. Furthermore. utilizing a famous person in the advertisement run is an identificational mention group influence on consumer’s purchase. mentioning to this group as counsel to their ain self-concept. values and life style. Consumers might non recognize in a study that they purchase a aroma because of the visual aspect of a famous person in a commercial but they really do it because they feel identified with them or because they want to be like them. In decision. when pass oning with the mark audience it is cardinal to cognize what societal category they belong to. This along with mention groups and trade name personality is cardinal to act upon chances in the purchasing procedure. Part C Hugo Just Different mark audience is classified in the Generation Y section ( born between 1979 and 1994 ) . This section is described as matter-of-fact and savy. socially and environmentally cognizant. grown up with Internet and media impregnation. arising against earlier generations’ consumerism and with a penchant for ads that entertain instead than carry. Their Media wonts. particularly between 18 and 24 twelvemonth olds. â€Å"are considered to be fragmented and less predictable than those of old generations† ( beginning: based on â€Å"I’m 18 today. footloose and fancy free† . Ad News. May 2006 ) . Their chief feature is that they are heavy Internet users. utilizing multiple online services. including media. amusement and adjustment. Hugo Just different understands this market section media wonts and sets the first Youtube run in order to acquire persons among this section involved with the merchandise. It is besides singular that immature grownups read newspapers less and less and they are more likely to read the weekend documents for their particular subdivisions instead than midweek editions. A popular and effectual manner of pass oning with this group is through advertisement during unrecorded concerts. athleticss and films events. They besides listen and download music from wireless Stationss. being NOVA FM their front-runner. This group. peculiarly immature grownups between 18 and 25. are described as autonomic consumers. They are financially independent from their household. being what is called â€Å"single unmarried† . This means they can do comparatively of import purchase determinations without holding to confer with to their hubby or married woman. Another property of immature grownups is the fact they have a higher demand for alteration and excitement compared to those more senior. Younger persons besides tend to be more unfastened to alter and are more likely to accept new merchandises and experiment with alternate trade names. At this phase. immature grownups begin to stabalise their attitudes. their values and personal individuality. Their disposable income is high and is accompanied by a gustatory sensation for experimentation and exhilaration seeking. Because of all these factors. they are an of import mark market for Hugo Just Different aroma. To sum up. it is non merely of import to understand and aim the right audience but besides to acquire the right media channels. If our advertisement run is in alliance with their values. attitudes. life styles and media wonts we are traveling to increase our opportunities to sell our merchandise.

Act 1 scene 5 has a very important role to play in Romeo ; Juliet Essay Example

Act 1 scene 5 has a very important role to play in Romeo ; Juliet Essay Example Act 1 scene 5 has a very important role to play in Romeo ; Juliet Essay Act 1 scene 5 has a very important role to play in Romeo ; Juliet Essay Act 1 scene 5 has a very important role to play in Romeo Juliet. Discuss its importance to the play and how Shakespeare makes this scene interesting and tense for the audience.Act 1 Scene 5 is a key scene in the play Romeo Juliet due to the events that happen in it. This is where Romeo Juliet first meet and fall in love with one another, a love that is not allowed given the antagonisms that exist between their families. Romeos friend Bonvolio had made his plan work. He planned to get Romeo to experience other beauties, or compare other women to his beloved Rosaline. This is also where the feud starts with Romeo and Tybalt because Tybalt is a Capulet and Romeo is a Montague. Tybalt is even angrier when he hears Romeos voice at his uncle Lord Capulets party because no Montagues are allowed. This by his voice, should be a Montague, Fetch me my rapier. The motivations that happen in the play show that the characters are doomed from the beginning because the forces greater than themsel ves. The forces include a long-running feud between the Montagues and the Capulets, something from which these lovers cannot escape no matter how hard they try.This scene has a great affect on all the other scenes in the play therefore I will be looking at how it is important. I will also be looking at how Shakespeare creates tension and interest for the audience.Act 1 Scene 5 comes at the end of the first act; this is because the audience are fully aware of the characters and their backgrounds. In this scene everyone and everything has been introduced to the audience and this tells us what will happen in the rest of the play. This scene also has dramatic irony because the audience knows more than the characters.In Romeo and Juliet the servants have to run round setting up the stage to start the next scene. We cannot be here and there too. This is because Romeo Juliet was written in 1595 and was set in the Globe theatre. There was not many props and equipment in Shakespeares day li ke there are today due to the fact that they never had much money. At the start of the scene the mood is happy, cheerful and tense. Lord Capulet is in a happy mood at the start of the scene because he is trying to marry his only daughter Juliet and his party is going well. He is happy and polite to his guests at the party talking in a poetic verse to show his importance. Welcome, gentlemen!In lines 53-91 there is a dramatic change in mood compared to the peaceful mood the audience previously see. The audiences tension and excitement is increased when Tybalt over hears Romeo talking. This by his voice, should be a Montague. He fills up with rage and shouts Fetch me my rapier. With this the audience are sitting on the edge of their seats. Romeos arrival changes the atmosphere and the audience are aware that it becomes tenser this is because the audience knows that Montagues arent welcome at a Capulets party.The scene is also romantic because this is the first time Romeo sets his eyes on Juliet and falls in love with her. For I neer saw true beauty till this night. Tybalt hears his voice and becomes angry Now by the stock and honour of my kin to strike him dead I do not sin. He goes and tells Lord Capulet that Romeo is here at his party. Tis he, that that villain Romeo. Lord Capulet is annoyed at him because he doesnt want anything to happen to his guests. Lord Capulet tries to calm Tybalt down, he tells Tybalt To say truth, Verona brags of him to be a virtuous and well governd youth. Tybalt becomes even more enraged; Ill not endure him, with this Lord Capulets attitude and manner suddenly changes towards Tybalt. He shall be endurd. With this Tybalt storms out of the room leaving the audience in suspense.When Romeo ; Juliet first meet this is vitally important in the rest of the play because if they didnt meet then the rest of the play wouldnt have happened. Romeo is very dazzled by Juliet and knows it is love at first sight. He expresses his inner feelings in a soliloquy which is controlled by his devotion and admiration for Juliet. O she doth teach the torches to burn bright? Shakespeare then uses a sonnet form with rhyming couplets to emphasise the love and romantic nature of the scene. So shows a snowy dove trooping with crows as yonder lady oer her fellow shows When Romeo and Juliet speak to each other the speech forms a sonnet; this is the 14 line poem which has alternate rhyme and ends in a rhyming couplet and this shows us the way they feel about each other. Did my heart love till now?. They start to talk about kissing. My lips two blushing pilgrims, ready stand to smooth that rough touch with a tender kiss. The audience knows that this is going to lead to something and know that they are about to share a kiss, which they do. Good pilgrim, you do wrong your hand to much. This shows religious images and also shows how deep and pure their love is. Romeo is in a world of his own, enraptured by the stunning beauty of Juliet. This creat es a romantic but also dangerous mood in the scene as the audience watch with anticipation and ask will they be caught?At the end of the scene, Shakespeare uses hints to make the audience think about future events in the play. Here Romeo and Juliet find out who the other actually is. After they exchange their love Juliet asks the nurse whom Romeo is, the nurse replies, His name is Romeo, and a Montague the only son of your great enemy. Juliet is so upset and shocked by this and says in confidence to the nurse, My only love sprung from my only hate! Too early seen unknown, and known too late! Prodigious birth of love it is to me, that I must love a loathed enemy.Romeo also finds this out and is very upset too. Is she a Capulet? This also creates a painful and upsetting atmosphere not only to the characters but also the audience. O dear account! My life is my foes debt. Romeo and Juliet talk about their lives being in each others hands; this reflects dramatic irony by showing what act ually happens to them at the end of the play because they both die for each others love. Swept away by the great passion of first love, their attempt to alter their family heritage and to unite in marriage causes their tragic deaths. Go ask his name. If he be married, my grave is likely to be my wedding bed.Romeo and Juliet are already keeping their love a secret and when she lies to the Nurse, the only person she trusts this shows the audience that they dont really care about anyone but themselves as they are in love and this sets the tone for their relationship. My only love sprung from my only hate. This is because she has fallen in love with the boy of her dreams. She now knows that he is a Montague and knows her family wont accept their love for one another.At the end of the scene I think that the audience become more anxious as they want to know what else happens in the scenes to come. If they did a play for a modern audience I think that it will work as it did in Shakespeare time because everyone enjoys love stories and they will have more equipment and props so the play will become more realistic.This scene is very important to the play because without it lots of other events wouldnt take place. This scene also has dramatic irony because the audience knows more than the characters as the audience are fully involved in the play. I like this scene in the play because I like the way Romeo and Juliet first meet and fall in love, I also like the way Shakespeares language is used to create characters, to add emotion and express meanings in the scene.

Qatar Influence in the World

Qatar Influence in the World Statement of the Research Question The main research question that my thesis will cover is, ‘How does Qatar use soft power to strengthen its global political influence?’ This question will provide an opportunity for me to study the various processes of soft power that Qatar has and/or continues to utilize to strengthen its political influence not only in the Middle East, but also across the world.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Qatar Influence in the World specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is evident that Qatar has emerged as one of the most influential Middle East countries in the world’s political affairs. This thesis will be a revelation as to how such a country has achieved its current position. Introduction Since 1995, following the takeover of leadership by Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa al-Thani through a peaceful coup d’etat, Qatar has been transformed from a little-known tiny count ry into a major economic and political powerhouse in the Middle East and, in extension, the world (Evans and Grant 42). In the last 18 years, the country’s leadership has been engaged in a protracted effort to transform it into a globally recognized and respected modern state (Brannagan and Grix par. 3). Being the world’s richest country in terms of per capita income, which stood at USD$ 448,246 in 2008, Qatar has managed to achieve tremendous successes in its short history (Hey 42). Its enormous wealth and a leadership that is keen on putting the country ‘on the map’ in the Middle East make it a major political player in the Arab World. Its influence in the world is growing (Beaumont 3). The main question is how such a country can achieve so much within such a short period. According to Brannagan and Grix, Qatar presents a good example of how soft power can be used to propel a nation’s influence in the global political affairs (par. 5). In the last 15 years, the country has invested heavily in building an appealing image to the world without using military or other forms of hard power. This move has allowed the country to gain a substantial political influence (King 16). The country has used its enormous resources to put in place measures of not only making Qatar an important investment destination for many nations and companies, but also as an important economic ally of many other states (Antwi-Boateng 39).Advertising Looking for proposal on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Further, its close and friendly association with western countries such as the US and the United Kingdom has separated the country from the politics of the Middle East, hence creating an appealing image to the world (van Ham 10). Other major areas of focus have been on the creation of an image of the country as a top tourism and sporting destination (Amara par. 3). For a long time, its neighboring rich, populous, and influential neighbors such as the UAE, Saudi Arabia, and Iran among others have over shadowed the country (Worth 7). Owing to the fact that it was the last Arab country to discover its oil wealth, it is a recent entrant into the politics of the Middle East. So far, it has been successful in its push for becoming a key player in the region. For instance, while the UAE’s Abu Dhabi has been the major tourist and financial hub of the region, Qatar’s Doha has gained a strong footing against the former with an increasingly busy Airport, a key indicator of the country’s connectedness to the world (Brannagan, Mubanga, and Wolff par. 2). Further, its global financial assistance to many countries has also put the country into the league of nations where it provides billions of dollars for humanitarian and development purposes in disadvantaged populations and countries across the world. The country has also invested heav ily in education of its citizens, thus bringing it to the forefront of nations that offer quality education to their citizens. Education is a major factor of power for top nations such as the UK and the US (Joseit par. 1). The current position of Qatar as having a substantial and increasing power and influence in global political affairs has not gone unnoticed. This position has been captured in various researches and articles to this effect. My thesis aims at studying how Qatar has used soft power to create its growing influence and presence in global political affairs. This topic is interesting since the country is succeeding in an area that many other countries have failed. For a long time, to gain political influence in the world affairs, many powerful countries such as Russia, the USA, China, and the UK have used hard power, through military and economic processes (Worth 7).Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Qatar Influence in the World specifically f or you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Consequently, the success of Qatar in gaining global political influence without using hard power presents a new approach to the understanding of power and hence the significance of the study (Nye ‘Soft Power’ 96). The thesis will create an understanding of how Qatar uses soft power through four main areas that include foreign aid, cultural institutions, tourism, and sports diplomacy to gain and maintain its global political influence. Relevant Literature A substantial amount of research that has focused on the growing influence of Qatar in the global political affairs is available. However, much of the research focuses on the increasing influence of the Middle East countries on the global political affairs. With some efforts being dedicated to Qatar, it is a clear indication that the use of soft power by the small Middle East country has not gone unnoticed. In addition, the existing research has majorly focus ed on the economy of the country as the main avenue through which it has amassed power in the global political affairs. The first and most relevant research article is titled, ‘The rise of Qatar as a Soft Power and the Challenges’ by Osman Antwi-Boateng. The research is important and relevant to my thesis since it comprehensively covers the various ways through which Qatar exercises its soft power. According to the article, Qatar exercises soft power influence through what it refers to as attraction and ‘carrots’. In terms of attraction, the article points to the strong political stability, close relationship with the US, progressive higher education system, and effective income redistribution policies (Antwi-Boateng 42). The country also uses carrots through the media (Aljazeera Network), sports investments, and foreign aid policy to advance its soft power across the world. In this study, the author explores how Qatar exerts its soft power in its foreign p olicy in addition to how it addresses various challenges in advancing its influence. Antwi-Boateng begins by noting that the country is an exception of its neighbors who are facing political instability or other major hurdles affecting their influence in Middle East and in extension, the world (47). Firstly, in his study, Antwi-Boateng notes the importance of sport as a major source of soft power for Qatar (51). The Study gives an example of the 2006 XV Asian Games that Qatar hosted successfully. Further, the country has successfully bid to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup (Antwi-Boateng 51). The two events have greatly enhanced the country’s reputation and image, especially in the Middle East and the Muslim World.Advertising Looking for proposal on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Secondly, the study highlights the increasing use of football diplomacy and cultural institutions that have been characteristic of Qatar in the last few years. Antwi-Boateng regards Qatar’s sponsorship of Barcelona, a world’s re-known Spanish club as well as its purchase of Paris Saint-Germain (PSG), a French club, as major steps that the nation has taken to improve its influence through the world’s most popular game (48). The country invested a whooping USD$190 million in Barcelona’s sponsorship and another USD$ 63 Million for acquiring a 70% stake at PSG (Kamrava 540). The study identifies Qatari’s involvement in sporting, especially football, as in line with Nye’s assertion that culture is a major element of soft power (‘Public Diplomacy’ 102). Football provides an opportunity for Qatar to be in popular culture to display its own civilization due to the wide audience that the game receives across the world (Dorsey 4). The stu dy identifies foreign aid as a major aspect through which Qatar has gained and maintained its soft power. According to the study, Qatar is ranked at the 20th place worldwide in terms of the percentage of its population’s giving and first position in the Middle East and Arab Countries (Antwi-Boateng 45). According to the study, foreign aid is linked with positive goodwill, which enhances the country’s reputation among its beneficiaries. This move is in line with Nye’s claim that such efforts lead to legitimate power in the eyes of others (‘Public Diplomacy’ 99). For instance, in 2010-2011, the nation’s development and humanitarian aid amounted to more than USD$ 1 billion (Brannagan and Grix par. 2). Its foreign aid policy has been majorly focused on Arab countries that have been experiencing political instability due to the Arab Spring (Kinninmont 5). For instance, Qatar has advanced a low interest loan of USD$1 billion to Tunisia. It has also offered to employ over 20,000 Tunisians in Qatar while at the same time funding the construction of subsidized houses to the tune of USD$ 37 million (DOHA2012 18). The country has also provided financial support amounting to USD$ 3 billion loan facility to Egypt. Besides, it has also offered humanitarian aid support to many countries, including the US (Ministry of Foreign Affairs par. 2). This study is very relevant and central to my thesis since it comprehensively covers different processes through which Qatar exercises its soft power. By recognizing sporting and foreign aid as major ways of gaining soft power, the paper goes a long way in terms of proving the relevance of my study. Other studies that have also addressed Qatar’s soft power are also relevant to this research. One these researches is titled, ‘Qatar: A First-Hand Account of Soft Power’, by Brannagan, Mubanga, and Wolff. In the study, Brannagan, Mubanga, and Wolff point out the increasing influence in the regional and global political affairs (par. 4). The study identifies the increased efforts of Qatar to become a top tourist destination. Further, there have been more efforts to market the country through its unique culture to the world. The research is also relevant to this study since it covers cultural and tourism aspects through which Qatar seeks to gain influence in regional and global political affairs. Another important study that is relevant to my thesis is, ‘Qatar’s Soft Power Gamble: The FIFA World Cup 2022’ by Paul Brannagan and Jonathan Grix. In the study, the focus is on the growing participation and presence of Qatar in the international sports, and more importantly, its successful bid for hosting 2022 world cup games (QTA par. 2). Hosting such an event will be in line with the nation’s plans of becoming a top tourist destination since it will present a prime opportunity of displaying the country’s culture and attractiveness to billions of spectators across the world (FIFA par. 6). The study will be important for my thesis since it will provide important information and support on the increasing use of sporting and tourism as a means of gaining soft power for the Middle East country. Data In my thesis, I will use both primary and secondary data to address the main research question. There is a considerable amount of data that can be drawn from different secondary sources. For instance, Qatar’s Ministry of Development Planning and Statistics offers a rich source of data and important figures that can support different assertions of my research paper such as foreign aid and investment in sports and tourism. Further, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs website also offers significant information on Qatar’s foreign policy and foreign aid, which are both central to my research (par. 3). Owing to the high number of other studies that the research relies on, this study will offer an important platform of accessing and drawing secondary information. Primary data sources will include the use of interviews, surveys, and questions that will be targeted to specific population groups privy to Qatar’s soft power. For instance, interviews will be conducted on people such as lecturers and professors who can offer expert opinion on Qatar’s growing political influence in the Middle East and the world at large. Online survey will also be important in providing important information on the opinions of different populations on Qatar’s growing influence. The primary data is important in incorporating the information that will be obtained through secondary data sources. Outline of the Argument In the last two decades, Qatar has emerged from a little known and less influential nation to a major player in regional and global political affairs. During this time, with a major economic transformation, the country has used different approaches to acquire legitimate power and influ ence over other nations. Of these approaches, military muscle power and economic maneuvers, which have traditionally been the source power for many countries, have not been used by the country. Instead, the country has used other approaches to gain soft power. So far, it has been successful. My thesis will seek to discuss the various approaches of soft power that Qatar has used to gain its political influence in the Middle East and around the globe. These approaches include the use of culture, tourism, foreign aid, and sports. The thesis will discuss each of the above approaches in an attempt to show how they have helped Qatar to gain its influence and prominence in the global political affairs. Frameworks The first framework will be a theoretical structure that will focus on the concept of soft power. Drawing heavily from Joseph Nye’s ‘Public Diplomacy and Soft Power’, the framework will guide the thesis in providing an understanding of what constitutes soft pow er and how Qatar has been successful in gaining political influence through its well-calculated use of various processes of gaining power. Nye’s article comprehensively covers and brings forth the concept of soft power by comparing its effectiveness with the use of hard power (Nye ‘Public Diplomacy’ 102). It is evident that although hard power still dominates what constitutes power in the global political influence, soft power approaches have emerged strongly as an option for many countries that cannot exercise hard power. By utilizing the ideas brought forward in Nye’s article, my thesis will be able to cover the use of soft power by Qatar as it continues to emerge as a major power in the Middle East and in the global political environment. My research will also adopt the conceptual framework, which will focus on how the ideas of my thesis will be organized and presented to answer the main research question. It will also focus on how Qatar frames its appr oaches in order to gain power over other nations across the world. The framework is important since it helps to link the theoretical framework to real life examples of how soft power can be utilized successfully. By covering each of the areas and approaches through which Qatar has exerted its influence globally, the plan will be an important part of the conceptual framework of helping to answer various questions that arise from the process of answering the main research question. Chapter/Section Outline The thesis will begin with a background discussion on Qatar’s past and current status. It will show how it has gained an influential status over the years in the Middle East and beyond. This information will form an important part of the thesis. It will provide the foundation and basis for my research. The background information will include Qatar’s growing economic significance in the Middle East in terms of how it has been able to extend its influence beyond the regio n. The second section of thesis will focus on various ways through which Qatar gains its power and influence in its region and across the world. In this section, the first component to be covered will focus on how Qatar uses foreign aid to attain power and/or exert its influence across the world. The second component will focus on Qatar’s use of cultural institutions, including education and arts to grow its profile as a top education and cultural destination in the world, an achievement that has made it gain considerable power over other nations. The third component of coverage will be tourism and how Qatar, through the Qatar Tourism Authority, has put in place efforts to turn Qatar into a top tourist destination in the Middle East. The last component is the use sport diplomacy that Qatar has adopted to market itself to the world. These strategies include its successful bid to host 2022 World Cup games, its sponsorship of major European clubs such as Barcelona, and its acqui sition of Paris Saint-Germain among many other sporting activities that it has shown interest. Contribution of the Research The paper will contribute to the growing field of knowledge on soft power with Qatar as a good example of its effectiveness. It will be an important knowledge base for future studies that will be focused on Qatar and other nations’ influence on global political affairs using soft power approaches. Amara, Mahfoud. The Pillars of Qatars International Sport Strategy, 2013. Web. e-ir.info/2013/11/29/the-pillars-of-qatars-international-sport-strategy/. Antwi-Boateng, Osman. â€Å"The Rise of Qatar as a Soft Power and the Challenges.† European Scientific Journal 2.1(2013): 39-51. Print. Beaumont, Peter. â€Å"How Qatar is taking on the world.† The Guardian July 20. 2012: 3. Print. Brannagan, Paul, and Jonathan Grix. Qatars Soft Power Gamble: The FIFA World Cup 2022, 2014. Web. e-ir.info/2014/01/18/qatars-soft-power-gamble-the-fifa-world-cup-2022 /. Brannagan, Paul, In’utu Mubanga, and Mads Wolff. Qatar: A First-Hand Account of Soft Power, 2014. Web. e-ir.info/2014/03/20/the-state-of-qatar-a-first-hand-account-of-soft-power/. DOHA2012. Offering a helping hand, Qatar is a good neighbor around the World. Doha: The UN Climate Change Conference, 2012. Print. Dorsey, James. â€Å"Qatars sports-focuses public diplomacy policies backfiring.† Daily News Feb. 10. 2014: 4. Print. Evans, Gareth, and Bruce Grant. Australias Foreign Relations in the World of the 1990s. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1999. Print. FIFA. Emir of Qatar Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al-Thani visits FIFA President in Zurich, 2014. Web. fifa.com/worldcup/qatar2022/news/newsid=2441686/. Hey, Jeanne. Small States in World Politics: Explaining Foreign Policy Behavior. Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner, 2003. Print. Joseit, David. The Art Effect, 2013. Web. aucegypt.edu/gapp/cairoreview/pages/articleDetails.aspx?aid=614. Kamrava, Mehran. Mediation and Qatar i Foreign Policy. Middle East Journal 65.4(2012): 540-556. Print. King, John. National Branding: Coverage and Perceptions of Qatar in Major World Newspapers. Working Paper. Tennessee: East Tennessee State University, 2007. Print. Kinninmont, Jane. â€Å"From football to military might, how Qatar wields global power.† The Guardian February 3. 2013: 5. Print. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Qatar Foreign Aid Over QR3 Billion, 2013. Web. mofa.gov.qa/en/SiteServices/MediaCenter/News/Pages/News20131111082549.aspx. Nye, Joseph. Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. New York, NY: Public Affairs, 2004. Print. Nye, Joseph. â€Å"Public Diplomacy and Soft Power.† The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 616.1(2008): 94-109. Print. QTA. A New Chapter of Pioneering Association, 2013. Web. psg.fr/en/News/003001/Article/64010/A-new-chapter-of-a-pioneering-association. van Ham, Peter. The Rise of the Brand State: The Postmodern Political Image and Reputation. Foreign Affairs 80.2(2001): 2-17. Print. Worth, Robert. â€Å"Qatar, Playing All Sides, Is a Nonstop Mediator.† The New York Times July 9. 2008: 7. Print.

Modern System Of Policing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Modern System Of Policing - Essay Example Scholars looked as if they were busy discussing the politics of police reform. Researching of the causes of modern policing was considered in a superficial manner, more often presumed than proved. Cities switched unavoidably to modern policing as a result of increasing degree s of crime and disorder in a period of phenomenal growth as well as intense social change (Schneider 1980 p 54). During the above mentioned period London was plagued via crime as well as the safety of a lot of citizens was doubtful. Pick pocketing, gambling and robbery were ordinary amongst the crimes that took place. An essential factor in Sir Robert Peel's plan was the division of policing as well as the judiciary. Peel believed that police should be accountable for one side of the law, it was called the examination phase (Hurd 2007). Even till today, this idea remains almost unchanged. Until 1829, law enforcement had been dramatically lacking in organization. As London expanded during the 18th and 19th centuries, maintaining law and order had become a priority and also a matter of public concern. The policing system was seen as ineffective and failing dismally to restore and maintain peace and order. Previous systems were i... Overall it was counterproductive and inefficient. Victims of crime became reluctant to prosecute, as did the jury with regards to conviction. In spite of its early plausibility, the concept that the police were formed in the reaction to a crime wave is dull and wrong. Moreover, it is not a very valid o explanation. It presumes that "when crime increases to a particular level it is only a 'natural' social response to make a modern police force. This obliviously is not a clarification but a statement of a natural law apart from this it yields very little proof. We cannot leave out the possibility that the revolts of slave, rebellion, and other such examples of collective violence resulted in the creation of modern police, however we must keep in mind that neither crime nor disorder were not uncommon in the cities of the nineteenth-century, and thus cannot in any way be responsible for a change similar to the development of such a institution. Violent mobs were in power of a lot of parts of London throughout the summer of 1780; however the modern Police did not emerge till 1829. Getting drunk in Public was a severe problem in the early 1775, however a modern police force did not emerge till 1838.3 therefore the crime-and-disorder theory is unsuccessful in providing reasons as to why earlier waves of crime didn't create modern police.Bowling (1999) researched the decrease in the rate of homicide in New York and believes that belligerent policing is only one factor which contributes to the decline of homicide. He states that the most persuasiv e argument for the increase and decrease of murder in New York is the increase and decrease of the crack cocaine sale which, as he believes to be reciprocal. Another reason

How to Criticize Up and Down Your Organization and Make It Pay Off Essay

How to Criticize Up and Down Your Organization and Make It Pay Off - Essay Example That said, Weisinger points out that criticism is necessary for growth. For instance, Weisinger (1989) states that the Romantic period in philosophy, politics and the arts came about because the individuals involved with the Romantic period criticized the neoclassical period, and because criticism of the neoclassical followers had their criticism suppressed. Weisinger (1989) further point out that Louis the XIV suppressed criticism, and the response to this was the American and French revolutions. In other words, when criticism is stifled a cataclysm might develop which changes the status quo. Moreover, Weisinger states that criticism from the likes of Galileo, Darwin and Freud changes societies in general. Criticism is necessary for growth, and criticism cannot be suppressed without consequences. Therefore, according to Weisinger (1989), criticism, being necessary for growth and change, and being necessary to influence, motivate and change behavior, must be expressed in a positive w ay so that the criticism can be accepted and useful, as opposed to simply negative and demoralizing. Weisinger further states that there are barriers to individuals accepting criticism and applying the criticism to their lives to makes themselves, and the organization, better. There are psychological hurdles which must be overcome. Weisinger talks in terms of cognitive appraisal, which means that individuals have a mental framework with which they receive information like criticism, and this framework dictates how the criticism will be processed. The framework is built through classical conditioning – criticism in the past has produced a negative response, so present criticism, even if tactfully presented, will also present the negative response. Moreover, since criticism is often portrayed in the media as negative – such as headlines which link criticism to failure – the mind links the two concepts together. Criticism equals failure. Modeling is another psychol ogical force at work, and this means that how one’s family criticized one another is what is known to the individual. If one’s parents responds to criticism by yelling, making retaliatory comments, or leaving the room, the individual is likely to do the same. The modeling focuses upon how one criticizes, as well as how one reacts to criticism. Operant learning is also a force at work, and this is when an individual does X, he gets the result of Y. A worker responds to criticism with anger, so the supervisor backs off. This reinforces the angry response, so that the worker continues to use this response when criticized. Since criticism is obviously necessary, because there can be no growth and change without it, and individuals are hard-wired either to not accept criticism gracefully or to give criticism in a counter-productive manner, what can be done? This question is the focus of Heidringer’s book and and analysis. The bulk of the analysis is that criticism mu st be redefined in a manner that it is not seen as tearing somebody down, but, rather, giving them information which they can use to improve. This is an important message to myself and my future career growth, not just because it is inevitable that I will be criticized, so I need to know how to handle this criticism and apply it so that it is not negative but positive, but also because it will help me learn how to criticize so that any team that I

Independence in the tasks of daily living Essay Example for Free

Independence in the tasks of daily living Essay Outcome1-understand principles for supporting independence in the tasks of daily living-Individuals can benefit from being as indepenent as possible in the tasks of daily living as it depicts that people having the same level of choice, control and freedom in their daily lives as any other person. Each of the three main political parties expressed their approval of the Independent Living Strategy published in 2008, which sets out actions aimed at improving the choice and control disabled people have over the services they need to live their daily lives. The aims of the strategy are that: * disabled people (including older disabled people) who need support to go about their daily lives will have greater choice and control over how support is provided; and *disabled people (including older disabled people) will have greater access to housing, education, employment, leisure and transport opportunities and to participation in family and community life. In June 2010, the Government stated that it was looking at further ways of taking the Independent Living Strategy forward. Active participation promotes independence in the tasks of daily living as this gives the client the confidence and independence needed to complete tasks by themselves without the support of others. Daily living tasks may affect those depending on their culture or background, as what someone may have been brought up believing, may not necessarily be accepted as the general view of society within Great Britain in these current times. I would identify suitable opportunities for an individual to learn or practice skills for daily living by providing a wide range of activities. I would observe/monitor their skills to identify what they can/cant do, and also listen to them and ask any questions about what they would like to do. It is important to clarify the role and responsibilities for providing support in order to ensure that all codes of conduct, professional boundaries and legalities are upheld. Outcome 2-be able to establish what support is required for daily living tasks- Establish what support is required for daily living tasks In order to access information regarding an individuals support plan I would request this from my line manager using all organisational policies and procedures and adhering to all Acts of Parliament. In order to clarify with the individual and others the requirements for supporting an individuals independence in daily living tasks I would ask the individual concerned what they would, and how they would like to achieve independence, as well as following any care plans and discussing with others any information that the client may have passed onto them with regards to how they would like to achieve this. In order to access any additional guidance in order to resolve any difficulties or concerns about support for daily living tasks I would contact my line manager via telephone or in person, whilst accessing any care plans and referring the situation to my line manager if there had been any disputes between myself and the client. Outcome 3 – be able to provide support for planning and preparing meals- In order to support the client to plan meals that contribute to a healthy diet that reflect the individuals culture and preferences I would clarify with the individual any foods they can or cant eat depending on culture and medical conditions and what they prefer to eat, whilst following any current guidelines for healthy eating. I would actively support them in the preparation of the food by encouraging them to prepare it themselves following all health and safety policies and referring the client to any cook books etc. I would encourage the client to store food safely by discussing and referring  them to any food safety policies i.e. basic food hygiene, as well as actively supporting them in the initial storing of the food. Outcome 4- Be able to provide support for buying and using household and personal items- Different ways of buying household and personal items include using the internet and shopping in person. In order to identify household and personal items that are needed for the client I would discuss with, and if necessary supervise the client whilst they decided and tooks notes, depending on what they currently had in the house and therefore did or didnt need. In order to support clients to buy items in the way they preferred I would discuss with and accompany the client whilst either shopping on the internet or in person etc. In order to support the client to store and use items safely I would discuss with and refer them to any health and safety instructions that may come with or be noted on the products. Outcome 5- To be able to provide support for keeping the home clean and secure- I would support the individual to keep their home clean in a way that supports active participation and safety by observing and discussing with them any issues that they may have, then referring them to any policies issued to the general public or organisations, and actively supporting them whilst they implemented these policies. I would supervise and describe different security risks to the client, whilst encouraging them to take notes as to what these are and describing to them ways to implement any concerns that either myself or the client had, I would also advise my line manager as to what these risks are so that any actions could be securely documented. Some of these risks could include leaving doors and windows open or unlocked, or by allowing people into their home without asking for I.D etc. I would support the individual to use agreed security measures by referring  them to any leaflets or policies that had been issued either externally or internally by an agreed and secure source, and promoting active participation in the implementation of these security measures. Outcome 6- Be able to identify and respond to changes needed in support for daily living tasks- In order to record any changes in the individuals circumstances that might affect the type or level of support that is required I would discuss these with the client and my line manager whilst recording these in the individuals care plan. I would adapt support in agreed ways of working to address concerns, changes or increased independence by discussing with the client and my manager what these may be. I would also takes notes and implement any changes in the individuals care plan.

Essay on the Role of the Gods in Homers Iliad :: Iliad essays

The Role of the Gods in Homer's Iliad        Ã‚   If one holds the contemporary view of the Christian God then it may be difficult to comprehend the actions and motivation of the Greek deities. The Christian God does not tend to take such an active role in the affairs of people's lives, where, on the other hand, "the Greeks regarded direct involvement by the gods as a daily, uncontrollable part of life"(Guthrie 17). Needless to say, divine intervention was a major variable in the equation of Homer's Iliad. The gods picked who they would favor for different reasons, except Zeus.   As the symbol of supreme authority and justice, he makes judgment calls as to the other gods' involvement in the war, remains impartial, and doesn't seem to get caught up in picking favorites. Even when his own son, Sarpedon, was about to die, Zeus chose to let the outcome go unaltered. On the other hand, Zeus's wife, Hera, displayed the more typical actions of a god. After Paris, a Trojan, judged Aphrodite the fairest over Hera, and, after her daughter Hebe was replaced as cupbearer to the gods by a young Trojan boy, she was quite resentful towards Troy and its people. Obviously, she sided with the Greeks and would stop at nothing to express her will. Scheming and manipulating, she even dared to trick her husband, King of the Gods. Hera, along with Athena, who was also passed over by Paris, is seen as the chief divine aid to the Greeks. Being the god of the sea, Poseidon was another strong supporter of the ocean-faring Greeks. Whenever Zeus turned his back, Poseidon tried to help the Greeks in the fight. Poseidon felt that he was somewhat Zeus's equal, as his brother, but recognizing Zeus's authority and experience, he looked to Zeus as an elder. There were also Gods who favored the Trojan side of the conflict. Both Apollo and Artemis, twin brother and sister, gave aid to the city of Troy. Although Artemis takes a rather minor role, Apollo, perhaps angered by Agamemmnon's refusal to ransom Khryseis, the daughter of one of his priests, and was constantly changing the course of the war in favor of the Trojans. Responsible for sending plague to the Greeks, Apollo was the first god to make an appearance in the Iliad. Also, mainly because Apollo and Artemis were on the Trojan side, their mother, Leto, also helped the Trojans.

The Nature of Contagious Yawning

Report title: Contagious yawning Introduction Yawning in general Yawning is a common act in all humans from birth and is one of the best examples of a fixed action pattern; once a yawn begins it becomes unstoppable. It also occurs in the same way each time. Several theories have been proposed to explain its existence in everyday life. There has been no definitive way of explaining why yawning occurs. Communication, physiology and arousal will be discussed. Firstly, communication is proposed as a primary reason for yawning, by Guggisberg, Mathis, Herrmann & Hess (2007). They attribute yawning to vigilance and suggest that unconscious communication occurs to synchronise a group and show vigilance. Baenninger (1987) also suggest that yawning helps to maintain attention levels and it may have evolved to promote vigilance and further suggest that it could communicate drowsiness or illness to a group. Another theory suggests a physiological link, whereby the yawn maintains mental efficiency by regulating the brain temperature through a cooling mechanism (Palagi, Leone, Mancici & Ferarri, 2009). However, a study by Gallup & Gallup jr. (2008) has shown inconclusive results for this theory. Another theory suggests that yawning is due to arousal. Matikainen and Elo (2007) report that yawning increases arousal and helps the individual to waken up. They suggest that it is due to connections between the mouth and the neck which when stretched stimulates the carotid body responsible for oxygen homeostasis. However, research by Guiggisberg et al (2007) found opposing research and their results showed that arousal levels decreased after yawns. It is clear that further research needs to be conducted to find the causes of yawns, and it has been shown that there is possibly more than one answer for this problem. However conclusive evidence for any theory is yet to be found. Contagious yawning Seeing, hearing or even thinking about another person yawning can trigger a yawn, contagious yawns occur in 40-60% of human adults but its primary reason and function is still unknown. Some advancement nevertheless, has been made to explain its cause. The advance in research into contagious yawning has come from the discovery of mirror neurons (Arnott, Singhal & Goodale, 2009). These are cells which are located in the posterior inferior frontal gyrus (pIGF) and are active when an individual sees another perform and action. They activate in the same was as they do when an individual performs the task themselves. It is proposed that mirror neurons enable individuals to understand others experiences and emotional states. This research therefore suggests that seeing or hearing a yawn activates this area of the brain and so initiates a yawning action. It has also been proposed that as mirror neurons help to understand emotional states, it is closely linked with empathy. This means that contagious yawning could be linked to empathy too. Contagious yawning and empathy This study has been conducted to assess the relationship between contagious yawning and empathy. Previous research highlights a strong relationship. Arnott et al (2009) investigated empathy and auditory contagious yawning and their results show a positive correlation between the two with more yawns elicited by those who scored higher on the empathy scale given. The relationship was modest but still significant below . 05. Also Periol & Monaca (2006) point out that contagious yawning doesn’t occur in species that cant recognise themselves in the mirror, nor can infants under two, suggesting that sense of self is required which is a key element to understanding others. Other research has shown that those with autistic spectrum disorder, and schizophrenia are unable to yawn contagiously as much as controls and that this is due to lack of empathy (Haker & Rossler, 2008). The premise of this study is to add to current research by expanding on Arnott et al’s research, by using visual stimuli. This study will test further the relationship between empathy and contagious yawning as this seems to be the area with most evidence. If the pilot data suggests a trend consistent with the current data then it will suggest further research and a full study should be conducted, however if the results gained show little evidence for a relationship then it will be suggested that other areas of contagious yawning should be looked into in more depth to find its possible cause. Hypotheses 1a) Contagious yawning is elicited from visual stimuli a) Higher amounts of contagious yawning will be present in those with higher levels of empathy. Null hypotheses 1b) Visual stimuli does not elicit contagious yawning 2b) There is no difference in amount of contagious yawning and level of empathy. Method 30 Stirling University students took part. This experiment was a between participants design. Independent variable is number of yawns produced in each condition. Dependant variable is empathy score The experiment consisted of two parts. To begin, each participant was required to complete the interpersonal reactivity index questionnaire to determine empathy levels. From this the participants were classified as empathetic or non empathetic and form the two experimental groups (mean was calculated and sample split above and below the mean). After the empathy questionnaire was completed, the experimental phase began which contained two conditions, firstly a yawning condition (test phase) whereby participants were shown a slide show of 15 yawning faces each slide lasting 10seconds. Within the time period the participant was required to focus on each face and rate how many times the face made them feel like yawning or actually yawn. Secondly, participants were given a neutral condition whereby a similar slide show was given but with 15 neutral expressions. This was given as a control for the test phase so that condition effects could be tested for. If a similar frequency of yawn was observed in both phases then the yawns wouldn’t be classed as contagious, and attributed to boredom rather than condition. The two phases were reversed for half the participants for counterbalancing and also to aid understanding of when contagious yawning had occurred- neutral phase was not always last which may have indicated boredom, so results are more reliable. The analysis was in two parts firstly, the frequency of yawning was compared in each condition to determine if visual stimuli induced contagious yawning in the test phase compared to the neutral. Secondly, the analyses compared empathetic participants with non empathetic participants to test if empathy was related to contagious yawning. Examples of stimuli: Neutral phase Yawning phase [pic] [pic] All images contained a full face and expressions were face on to the participant in attempt to maintain validity for each phase. Results | Hypothesis 1 Contagious yawning is elicited from visual stimuli Tests of normality showed that there was significance for yawning and so parametric tests were conducted. Graph 1 shows that there was a higher amount of yawns produced in the yawning condition than the neutral condition and the Wilcoxon test shows there was significantly different result. Z= -2. 722, p. 006 Graph 1 Total amount of yawing produced in each condition [pic] The significant difference found between yawning in the yawn condition and the neutral condition shows that contagious yawning occurred to visual stimuli, and the null hypothesis can be rejected. Therefore further analyses can be conducted into empathy and contagious yawning. Hypothesis 2 Higher amounts of contagious yawning will be present in those with higher levels of empathy. Graph 2 shows the relationship between the amount of yawns produced and empathy scores. Those with high empathy scores (62+) yawned more in the yawning condition compared to those with low empathy scores. However, the graph also shows similar amounts of yawning between empathy groups in the neutral condition. Graph 2 Total amount of yawning produced in each condition, split by empathy score. [pic] Due to small sample size and the data having an abnormal distribution a spearman’s rho test for correlation was conducted. It showed no significant relationship between empathy score and number of yawns produced in each condition, p= . 27 with a correlation of . 259, in neutral condition and p=. 686, with a correlation of . 96 in the yawn condition. Therefore the null hypothesis has to be accepted. Discussion Previous research has suggested that contagious yawning is due to empathy and a higher level of empathy suggests the individual is more likely to contagiously yawn. This study aimed to determine if this was found with visual stimuli in the form of consecutive images of individuals yawning on a screen. The study tested to see if contagious yawning could be induced by images and compared the results to number of yawns produced by images of neural expressions in the same format. The study also aimed to contribute to the existing knowledge on the relationship between empathy and contagious yawning. Due to the small sample size and the test for normality showing that there wasn’t a normal distribution of the data, the statistics performed were limited, and are not generalisable to the overall population. The results show that there was a significant difference between the two conditions and more yawns were produced in the yawning condition compared to the neutral. The study was conducted in a way that yawns produced by boredom could be controlled for. If it was the case that yawns were produced due to boredom then a similar frequency would be observed in both conditions especially as the conditions were counterbalanced. The results were highly significant (p=. 006) showing that yawns can be attributed to contagious yawning and not boredom, therefore the null hypothesis could be rejected and the hypothesis that yawning stimuli induces contagious yawning can be accepted. This contributes to the body of research on contagious yawning especially as Arnott et al (2009) has already shown contagious yawning can be elicited to auditory stimuli. This study, compared empathy scores with frequency of yawns in each condition to determine a relationship between the two as proposed by Haker & Rossler (2008), as well as in the study by Arnott et al. This study used the interpersonal reactivity index questionnaire to determine levels of empathy and the mean score was calculated in order to form two experimental groups of high and low empathy. This was only to test for a trend and is understood that due to the abnormal distribution of scores in the data, any results cannot be generalised, as the two experimental groups for empathy are not normally distributed. The results shown in graph 2, clearly show no difference between frequency of yawns and level of empathy especially in the neutral condition where the frequency of yawns for each empathy group are virtually the same. A slight difference is seen in the yawning condition and at a glance looks to suggest that higher empathy scores result in more yawns produced however with a closer look at the frequencies, it is clear that there is only a difference of one or two yawns and the statistical analysis shows no significant difference between empathy and yawns in both conditions. However it should be noted that the correlation conducted cannot be relied on too heavily due to the small sample size and so it can still be concluded that the graph shows a possible trend that for high empathy individuals, contagious yawning is more common. Especially as the graph shows a difference in similarity of empathy group based on condition (neutral shows no difference at all whereas yawn condition shows slight difference) Even though significance is not met and for this study the null hypothesis has to be accepted, the nature of the data and tests performed show that the results are not conclusive and trends can still be relied upon. There are however many limitations to this study. Clearly, with the study being a pilot for future research, the sample size was low and so generalisable results could not be hoped for however methodological improvements could be made to make trends found more reliable. Firstly, only one measure of empathy was used and so empathy scores were only based on specific answers to questions. Arnott et al used several in their study giving a better indication of empathy however due to the small scale of the study and limitations on resources meant only one could be found. The power point slides contained many faces and it was difficult to find yawning faces which looked like yawns and not open mouthed expressions, conveying a yawn through an image was much more complex than anticipated. Another point to consider was the nature of how the study was portrayed, the emphasis on yawning was placed from the beginning and so as one participant remarked he knew it was about yawning so he was thinking about it a lot in the first condition so even thought he was looking at neutral faces, he yawned as he was thinking about it. This shows how contagious yawning can be and how our results can be skewed. For further research, better conditions must be met and participants told of the premise of the study after two conditions had been undertaken. The self report table given to the participants during the study whereby they noted how many times they yawned or felt like yawning may need to include other contagious acts like laughing, to avoid yawns being induced by thinking. This would mean that further studies into contagious yawning would require more expressions to test the participant and so they don’t constantly think about how much they are yawning. Either that or possibly use a camera to record yawns so the participants focus is consistently on the stimuli. Conclusion The results show that visual stimuli can induce contagious yawning and so can aid further research when creating a method of testing yawning. The results obtained from empathy and contagious yawning although in significant, still suggest a trend and so could be further studied if more participant were used and a better methodology was introduced. The pilot study has shown the possibility of a link between contagious yawning and empathy and so needs to be further investigated. Bibliography Arnott, S. R. , Singhal, A. , Goodale, M. A. (2009), An investigation of auditory contagious yawning, Cognitive, Affective & Behavioural Neuroscience 9 (3) 335-342 Baenninger, R. (1987). Some comparative aspects of yawning in Betta splendens, Homo sapiens, Panthera leo, and Papio sphinx. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 101, 349-354. Gallup, A. C. , Gallup, G. G, Jr (2008) Yawning and thermoregulation. Physiology and Behaviour 95 10-16. Guggisberg, A. G. ,Mathis, J. , Herrmann, U. S. , Hess, C. W (2007). The functional relationship between yawning and vigilance. Behavioural brain research  179 (1) 159-66. Haker, H. & Rossler, W. (2009) Empathy in schizophrenia: impaired resonance. European Archive of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 259, 352-361. Palagi, E. , Leone, A. , Mancini, G. , Ferrari, P. F. , (2009). Contagious yawning in gelada baboons as a possible expression of empathy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106 (46) 19262-7. Perriol, M. P. & Monaca, C. (2006) One person yawning sets off everyone else. Journal of Neurological Neurosurgical Psychiatry. 77) 3 3 Matikainen, J. , Elo, H (2008). Does yawning increase arousal through mechanical stimulation of the carotid body? Medical Hypotheses 70 488–492 | | |[pic] | | | | | Top of Form ———————– Condition Mean number of yawns Mean number of yawns